How does Rust handle concurrency and what are the main concurrency primitives?

Rust concurrency model: • Fearless concurrency through ownership • Send trait: types safe to transfer between threads • Sync trait: types safe to share between threads • No data races at compile time • Message passing and shared state patterns Concurrency primitives: • std::thread: OS threads • mpsc channels: message passing • Mutex: mutual exclusion • RwLock: reader-writer lock • Arc: atomic reference counting • Atomic types: lock-free operations Message passing example: use std::sync::mpsc; use std::thread; let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(); thread::spawn(move || { let val = String::from("hi"); tx.send(val).unwrap(); }); let received = rx.recv().unwrap(); println!("Got: {}", received); Shared state example: use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex}; use std::thread; let counter = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0)); let mut handles = vec![]; for _ in 0..10 { let counter = Arc::clone(&counter); let handle = thread::spawn(move || { let mut num = counter.lock().unwrap(); *num += 1; }); handles.push(handle); } for handle in handles { handle.join().unwrap(); } println!("Result: {}", *counter.lock().unwrap());