Explain Rust memory model and how it achieves memory safety without garbage collection.

Rust's memory model and safety: • Ownership system prevents data races at compile time • Each value has exactly one owner • Borrowing allows references without taking ownership • Lifetimes ensure references are always valid • No garbage collector needed • RAII (Resource Acquisition Is Initialization) • Zero-cost abstractions Key safety guarantees: • No use-after-free • No double-free • No null pointer dereference • No buffer overflows • No data races Example: fn main() { let s1 = String::from("hello"); let s2 = s1; // s1 moved to s2 // println!("{}", s1); // Compile error! let s3 = String::from("world"); let len = calculate_length(&s3); // Borrow println!("{} has length {}", s3, len); // s3 still valid } fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize { s.len() } // s goes out of scope but doesn't drop the String