Explain Swift's approach to memory safety.

Swift prioritizes memory safety through various compile-time and runtime mechanisms.\n\n• **Automatic Reference Counting (ARC):**\n• Automatic memory management\n• Compile-time insertion of retain/release\n• Prevents use-after-free\n• Cycle detection warnings\n\n\nclass Node { \n var value: Int\n var parent: Node? // Prevents cycles\n var children: [Node] = []\n \n init(value: Int) {\n self.value = value\n }\n}\n\n\n• **Initialization Safety:**\n• All properties must be initialized\n• Definite initialization analysis\n• No access before initialization\n\n\nstruct SafeStruct { \n let value: Int\n let computed: String\n \n init(value: Int) {\n self.value = value\n // Must initialize all properties\n self.computed = "Value: \(value)"\n }\n}\n\n\n• **Optional Safety:**\n• Explicit nil handling\n• Compile-time nil checking\n• Safe unwrapping patterns\n\n\n// Safe optional handling\ let unwrapped = optional {\n // Use unwrapped safely\n}\n\n// Guard for early exit\ let value = optional else {\n return // Must exit scope\n}\n\n\n• **Bounds Checking:**\n\nlet array = [1, 2, 3]\n// let item = array[10] // Runtime error - bounds checking\nlet safeItem = array.indices.contains(10) ? array[10] : nil\n\n\n• **Exclusive Access:**\n• Prevents simultaneous read/write\n• Compile-time and runtime enforcement\n• Memory corruption prevention\n\n\nvar value = 42\nfunc modify(_ x: inout Int) {\n x += 1\n}\n\n// modify(&value) // Safe\n// Cannot have overlapping access\n